[situation], [problem], [solution(s)], [evaluation] and [conclusion (with qualification)].
Some time expressions for setting the situation/problem
generally used present perfect (has/have + ________en/ed):
The recent crisis
Over the past year the world economy has grown
Since 2008
For the last three years
In the last few years
For decades America has been fighting a war on...
Ever since the beginning of the recent financial crisis
Recently
For the past few weeks
For well over a decade there has been
This year, X has been
This week
Lately,
In the past half century
For many years
So far
Up to now
X has already
Three years ago, when the financial
crisis began
generally used with past tense:
Last year researchers discovered
In 2008 a study showed
Moving to some other expressions for posing a possible solution
these are not necessary but can sometimes be used
One possible solution could be
In response, the German government has proposed
This has led some organizations to
Some have suggested that
This has raised the question of whether
has triggered widespread debate over the question of
sparked off a contentious discussion about
[evaluation] Proving your Point
LOGIC
Someone has proposed solution A
Everyone agrees X
If solution A,
then B.
B would [cause, entail, result in, lead to ] not X
Although solution A could would ....., then .....
Order of the above can be mixed.
EVIDENCE
Recent research conducted by ..... has shown that
In a recent study
Evidence, however, has shown the contrary.
Scientists/Academics have presented evidence
A new review of studies suggests that
One study, published last month in the Journal of ...., found that
A global research group including Irish scientists has discovered that
New research has found that
A review of the all of the available evidence shows
conclusion (with qualification)
Further research to determine ..... is required, however the results do indicate that .....